Variable gravity in an expanding universe: Keplers problem with cosmic relevance

Abstract

Hans J. Fahr and M. Heyl

Most recent observations from the James Webb space telescope (JWST) do obviously show by highly resolved infrared observations of highest sensitivity that structure formation in the universe into forms of early galaxies, star forming regions and planetary systems has already taken place at cosmic times less than half a Gigayear after the Big-Bang. This is taken as a big surprise by the whole astronomic community, though it nevertheless might have been predictable from some basic theoretical considerations concerning the basic structure of the universe and its forminvariant laws. A little bit an ironic question could perhaps be asked: Would Isaac Newton when being knocked by an apple falling down on him from his nearby apple tree have invented the same gravitational law, when this would have happened one Megayear before, or one Megayear after, Newton‘s real historic time? In other words, the Keplerian laws, derivable with the help of Newton‘s law, would they reflect the changes in the cosmic times? And if yes, - how would they do it? In this article we conclude that in fact Newton‘s pendulum would represent a cosmic clock, unless Newton‘s gravitational constant varies with the scale of the universe

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