The Impact of Using Ammi Visnaga On the Recovery of Induced Liver Injury by Waterpipe Smoking

Abstract

Ahed J Alkhatib, Suha Khaiery Ababneh

The main objectives of this study were to explore the impacts of waterpipe smoking on liver injury as indicated by liver function tests ALT, AST, and LDH from one side, and to investigate the potential use of Ammi visnaga to remedy the liver induced injury. The methodology involved establishing animal smoking model, in which rats were chronically exposed to waterpipe smoking by digital smoking machine. Animals were randomly assigned into 3 groups: control group (N=8), waterpipe smoking group (N=8), and waterpipe smoking and Ammi visnaga group (N=8). One-month recovery was applied after the experiment had finished, it is a cessation period of waterpipe smoking for one month. Liver injury was assessed by carrying out liver function tests ALT, AST, and LDH. Study findings showed that waterpipe smoking significantly increased the levels of ALT from 51±3.2 U/L in control group to 76±1.8 U/L in waterpipe smoking group (p=0.000), AST (from 222±7.5 U/L in control group to 314±9.3 U/L in smoking group, p=0.000), and the level of LDH significantly increased in waterpipe smoking group (186±1.2 U/L in control group to 498±17.4 U/L in smoking group, p=0.000). On the other hand, the use of Ammi visnaga significantly reduced the levels of AST (184 ± 6.8 U/L, p=0.03), ALT (40 ± 3.8 U/L, p=0.04), and LDH (247 ± 4.2 U/L, p=0.00). Recovery period was partially associated with reversing induced liver injury. Taken together, waterpipe smoking induced liver injury that could be reversed using Ammi visnag.

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