Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Patients Attending at Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Dessie, Amhara Region, Northeastern Ethiopia: Unmatched Case–Control Study

Abstract

Abdusellam Yimer, Bilal Mohammed, Welde Melese, Reta Dewau, Wondwosen Mebratu, Abel Endawkie, Jemal Seid and Ali Hassen

Introduction: The incidence of chronic kidney disease is rising, primarily due to its asymptomatic nature of the disease and poor access to early detection and management services. In Ethiopia, little is known about the context-specific risk factors. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of chronic kidney diseases in Northeast Ethiopia, focusing on patients attending Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, in 2022.

Methods: A hospital-based unmatched case-control study was employed among chronic kidney disease patients at Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, from May 10 to July 15/2022. Cases were all patients who were diagnosed with chronic kidney diseases at Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital while controls were patients without chronic kidney diseases. For each case, two controls were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire with the support of a document review was used to collect the data. The data were entered into Epi data version 4.6 and exported to Stata version 14 software for analysis. During bivariable logistic regression analysis, variables having p-value <0.2 were entered and analyzed by multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors associated with chronic kidney diseases. Statistical differences were considered at P < 0.05, and the strength of association was assessed by adjusted odds ratio and respective confidence intervals.

Results: A total of 78 cases and 156 controls were included in this study. This study revealed that factors such as being male [AOR: 2.54, 95%CI (1.125- 5.754)], the presence of hypertension [AOR: 5.33, 95%CI (2.107-13.489)], diabetic-mellitus [AOR: 3.64,95%CI (1.530- 8.671)], kidney stone [AOR: 3.91,95%CI (1.492- 10.257)], and underground water source usage [AOR: 2.63,95%CI (1.108-6.262] were statistically significantly associated factors with chronic kidney diseases.

Conclusion: In our study, being male, the presence of hypertension, diabetic mellitus, diagnosis of a kidney stone, and underground water usage were independent risk factors for chronic kidney diseases. Therefore, policymakers, healthcare providers, and other stakeholders should emphasize the aforementioned factors to forestall the development and progression of the disease. Furthermore, routine urinalysis and glomerular filtration rates for all hospitalized patients with hypertension and diabetes-mellitus could help to detect chronic kidney diseases at an early stage.

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