Genetic Aspects of Implantation Failure

Abstract

Renjith KR, Josephine A, Sheena KS, Sumitha Prabhu PS, Alex C Varghese and Dinesh Roy D

Implantation failure refers to the inability of a fertilized egg, or embryo, to successfully implant itself in the endometrial lining of the uterus, leading to pregnancy loss. The repeated failure of good quality embryo implantation is referred to as recurrent implantation failure (RIF). This can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, problems with the endometrium, or issues with the immune system. Factors such as advanced maternal age, obesity, smoking, and certain medical conditions can also increase the risk of implantation failure. While treatment such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) can help to improve the chances of successful implantation, there is currently no definite way to prevent or treat implantation failure. Patients and healthcare professionals have substantial diagnostic and treatment hurdles as a result of many etiological factors and lack of knowledge about RIF. Numerous investigations have revealed a relationship between hormone level imbalance, perturbations of angiogenic and immunomodulatory factors, certain genetic polymorphisms, and the incidence of RIF, but still, the precise multifactorial pathophysiology of RIF is unknown. However, many studies are ongoing in this field to understand the underlying causes and to find new ways to help couples achieve pregnancy. This review article is a detailed discussion on the different molecular and genetic aspects for the improvement of diagnosis and treatment of implantation failure.

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