The technology that is used to change or modify the organization of DNA in an organism to make it better for use and increase its utility is known as genetic engineering. The crops whose DNA is being modified to incorporate some new traits is known as transgenic plants.

The traits may include pest resistance, chemical resistance, etc. The impact factor of journal provides quantitative assessment tool for grading, evaluating, sorting and comparing journals of similar kind. It reflects the average number of citations to recent articles published in science and social science journals in a particular year or period, and is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field.

It is first devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information.The impact factor of a journal is evaluated by dividing the number of current year citations to the source items published in that journal during the previous two years.