There are 2 types of Techniques Karyotyping the routine chromosome analysis (Karyotyping) refers to analysis of metaphase chromosomes which are banded using trypsin followed by Giemsa, Leishman's. This creates unique banding patterns on the chromosomes. The molecular mechanism and reason for these patterns are unknown, although it is likely associated with replication timing and chromatin packing.
Several chromosome-banding techniques are used in cytogenetics laboratories. Quinacrine banding (Q-banding) was the primary staining method wont to produce specific banding patterns. This method requires a fluorescence microscope and is not any longer as widely used as Giemsa banding (G-banding). Reverse banding, or R-banding, requires heat treatment and reverses the standard black-and-white pattern that's seen in G-bands and Q-bands. This method is particularly helpful for staining the distal ends of chromosomes.