Drug dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing. a gene transcription factor is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions, but not dependence. Withdrawal is the body's reaction to abstaining from a substance upon which a person has developed a dependence syndrome. When dependence has developed, cessation of substance-use produces an unpleasant state, which promotes continued drug use through negative reinforcement; i.e., the drug is used to escape or avoid re-entering the associated withdrawal state. The withdrawal state may include physical-somatic symptoms (physical dependence), emotional-motivational symptoms (psychological dependence), or both. Chemical and hormonal imbalances may arise if the substance is not re-introduced. Psychological stress may also result if the substance is not re-introduced. The open access drug dependence articles publish latest and up-to-date information on drug dependence and abuse, and substance dependence. Articles published in this journal are freely available for the readers. Researchers, professionals, counselors, administrators, social workers and other users can advance their research work, by accessing these articles freely. Openly accessing and downloading the articles will increase the journal impact factor which determines the journal quality.