Subcutaneous emphysema (SE) is a condition often causing minimal symptoms, but sometimes it can be severe and even life-threatening. This study is the first great survey about SE. The aim of this study is to classify and evaluate the etiology, signs, symptoms, and management of SE.

A man aged 71 with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had suffered recurrent right-sided pneumothoraces was admitted to a district general hospital for elective pleurectomy and apical bullectomy. The procedure was performed thoracoscopically and was uneventful; an area of bullous emphysema was identified in the right upper lobe and was stapled and excised. Postoperatively, the patient was noted to have a continuous air-leak and was maintained on 5 kPa of thoracic suction via apical and basal intercostal drains. Chest radiography showed a 10% pneumothorax. Subcutaneous emphysema of the thorax and neck was noted, but it was causing no symptoms. However, over the next two days, the subcutaneous emphysema worsened, involving the face, arms and abdomen. Despite an increase in the suction to 10 kPa, the patient was uncomfortable and had an obvious rise in the pitch of his voice. The pneumothorax was unaltered. On the third postoperative night he became acutely distressed and had first a respiratory arrest then a cardiac arrest. Initial attempts at intubation failed because of vocal cord and soft-tissue swelling (seen at laryngoscopy), but cricothyroidotomy allowed ventilation to be established. After resuscitation he was successfully intubated by the orotracheal route. At this point he had massive subcutaneous emphysema extending from his face to his lower extremities and scrotum (Figure 1). The pneumothorax remained small. Two further intercostal drains were inserted and connected to suction. A substantial air-leak continued for three days and the subcutaneous emphysema persisted.