During pleural effusion, excess fluid accumulates in this space due to increased fluid production or decreased fluid absorption. Common causes of pleural effusion include congestive heart failure, kidney failure, pulmonary embolism, trauma, or infection. A pleural effusion is a buildup of extra fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall. ... Common causes of malignant pleural effusion are lymphoma and cancers of the breast, lung, and ovary. A malignant pleural effusion is treatable. But it can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.