Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) contribute extensively to morbidity and mortality in the developing world and in industrialized nations with a high immigrant influx of people from endemic areas. The variable nature of the immunological reaction of the host against parasites and the many pathological lesions that these pathogens may cause in the human brain make these conditions highly pleomorphic. Parasitic invasion of the CNS may cause encephalitis, meningitis, space-occupying brain lesions, stroke, and myelopathy. Although these conditions have well-defined causal agents, their diagnosis could be a challenge, as histological demonstration of the parasite is not possible in most cases.