Oral microbiology is the study of the microorganisms (microbiota) of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host. Bacteria accumulate on both the hard and soft oral tissues in biofilms. Bacterial adhesion is particularly important for oral bacteria.Oral microbiome is defined as the collective genome of microorganisms that reside in the oral cavity. After the gut, it is the second largest microbial community in the humans.Oral pathogens: from dental plaque to cardiac disease.Oral bacteria exhibit highly specific adherence mechanisms and as a result they colonize and cause disease principally in the oral cavity. Oral pathogens, however, can produce systemic disease and are known causative agents of infective endocarditis.The pioneer oral bacterial species are mainly streptococci, particularly Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis. These early colonizers are followed by gram-negative anaerobes, including Prevotellamelaninogenica, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Veillonellaspp.Anaerobic genera or genera that include anaerobic members found in the oral cavity are Actinomyces, Arachnia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Leptotrichia, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Selenomonas, Treponema, and Veillonella.Oral microbiology is the study of the microorganisms (microbiota) of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host.The environment present in the human mouth is suited to the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature.Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid.Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity include: Actinomyces, Arachnia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Leptotrichia, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Selenomonas, Treponema, and Veillonella.[4][needs update] Genera of fungi that are frequently found in the mouth include Candida, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Glomus, Alternaria, Penicillium, and Cryptococcus, among others.Bacteria accumulate on both the hard and soft oral tissues in biofilms. Bacterial adhesion is particularly important for oral bacteria. Oral bacteria have evolved mechanisms to sense their environment and evade or modify the host. Bacteria occupy the ecological niche provided by both the tooth surface and gingival epithelium. However, a highly efficient innate host defense system constantly monitors the bacterial colonization and prevents bacterial invasion of local tissues. A dynamic equilibrium exists between dental plaque bacteria and the innate host defense system.[6] Of particular interest is the role of oral microorganisms in the two major dental diseases:dental caries and periodontal disease.Additionally, research has correlated poor oral health and the resulting ability of the oral microbiota to invade the body to affect cardiac health as well as cognitive function

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