At the middle of the 20th century the professional study of climate was a scientific backwater. People who called themselves "climatologists" were mostly drudges who compiled statistics about weather conditions in regions of interest — the average temperatures, extremes of rainfall, and so forth. That could have offered a broad global perspective, but most climatologists set the planet as a whole aside and attended to regional problems. Traditional weather forecasting relies on a combination of weather observations and data models.  Meteorologists produce weather forecasts by gathering as much data as possible and then processing it through weather prediction models.  Government-backed organisations, such as the National Weather Service (NWS) in the United States and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), typically create these models. The information can be published in our peer reviewed journal with impact factors and are calculated using citations not only from research articles but also review articles (which tend to receive more citations), editorials, letters, meeting abstracts, short communications, and case reports. The inclusion of these publications provides the opportunity for editors and publishers to manipulate the ratio used to calculate the impact factor and try to increase their number rapidly. Impact factor plays a major role for the particular journal. Journal with higher impact factor is considered to be more important than other ones.