PIH usually represents various cutaneous disorders this is due to various preceding disease processes that affect the skin. If the basal cell layer of the epidermis is ruptured the condition becomes severe. PIH can also be seen following treatment with a number of electromagnetic devices such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and secondary to microdermabrasion. A journal is a periodical publication intended to further progress of science, usually by reporting new research. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals publish articles, reviews, editorials, short communications, letters, and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Journals contain articles that peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.