Kidney stone ailment is a precious stone solidification shaped as a rule inside the kidneys. It is an expanding urological issue of human wellbeing, influencing about 12% of the total populace. It has been related with an expanded danger of end-stage renal disappointment. The etiology of kidney stone is multifactorial. The most well-known kind of kidney stone is calcium oxalate framed at Randall's plaque on the renal papillary surfaces. The instrument of stone arrangement is a perplexing procedure which results from a few physicochemical occasions including super saturation, nucleation, development, accumulation, and maintenance of urinary stone constituents inside rounded cells. These means are adjusted by an unevenness between factors that advance or repress urinary crystallization. It is likewise noticed that cell injury advances maintenance of particles on renal papillary surfaces. The introduction of renal epithelial cells to oxalate causes a flagging course which prompts apoptosis by p38 mitogen-enacted protein kinase pathways. At present, there is no acceptable medication to fix and additionally forestall kidney stone repeats. Hence, further comprehension of the pathophysiology of kidney stone development is an exploration region to oversee urolithiasis utilizing new medications. Hence, this survey has proposed to give an incorporated forward-thinking data on kidney stone etiology, pathogenesis, and avoidance draws near.