Life‐history evolution is determined by the interplay between natural selection and adaptive constraints. The classical approach to studying constrained life‐history evolution—Richard Levin’s geometric comparison of fitness sets and adaptive functions—is applicable when selection pressures are frequency independent. Here we extend this widely used tool to frequency‐dependent selection. Such selection pressures vary with a population’s phenotypic composition and are increasingly recognized as ubiquitous. Under frequency dependence, two independent properties have to be distinguished: evolutionary stability (an evolutionarily stable strategy cannot be invaded once established) and convergence stability (only a convergence stable strategy can be attained through small, selectively advantageous steps). Combination of both properties results in four classes of possible evolutionary outcomes. We introduce a geometric mode of analysis that enables predicting, for any bivariate selection problem, evolutionary outcomes induced by trade‐offs of given shape, shapes of trade‐offs required for given evolutionary outcomes, the set of all evolutionary outcomes trade‐offs can induce, and effects of ecological parameters on evolutionary outcomes independent of trade‐off shape.

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