The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.it includes (a) Microbial community genetics and evolutionary processes (b) element cycles and biogeochemical processes (c) Microbial life in extreme and unusual little-explored environments, (d)Structure and activities of microbial communities (e)Population biology of microorganisms etc. Peer review refers to the work done during the screening of submitted manuscripts and funding applications. This process encourages authors to meet the accepted standards of their discipline and reduces the dissemination of irrelevant findings, unwarranted claims, unacceptable interpretations, and personal views. Publications that have not undergone peer review are likely to be regarded with suspicion by academic scholars and professionals.