One of the great challenges faced by neuropsychologists over the past 50 years is to understand the cognitive and behavioral manifestations of dementia and their relationship to underlying brain pathology. This challenge has grown substantially over the years with the aging of the population and the age-related nature of many dementia-producing neurodegenerative diseases. Although the concept of dementia has existed for thousands of years (Mahandra, 1984), it is only early in the past century that the essential clinical syndrome and associated neurodegenerative changes were first discovered. In 1907, Aloysius “Alöis” Alzheimer carefully described the symptoms of a 51-year-old woman, Auguste Deter, who was under his care at the state asylum in Frankfurt Germany (Alzheimer, 1907; for an English translation, see Stelzmann et al., 1995) . Alzheimer’s description of her symptoms is almost certainly the first neuropsychological characterization of the disease: